Bogle, Kathryn Hall; Harmon, Rick, interviewer. "Oral History Interview: Kathryn Hall Bogle on the African-American Experience in Wartime Portland." In Oregon Historical Quarterly 93, no. 4 (1992-93): 394-405.
Excerpts a 1985-86 interview with Kathryn Hall Bogle, conducted by Rick Harmon of the Oregon Historical Society. Bogle relates some of her professional and personal experiences in Portland, Oregon, during World War II and years just after.

Broussard, Albert S. "McCant Stewart: The Struggles of a Black Attorney in the Urban West." In Oregon Historical Quarterly 89, no. 2 (1988): 157-179.
McCant Stewart was a highly educated black attorney who lived and worked in Portland, Oregon, and later San Francisco. He moved to Portland in 1902, and was admitted to the Oregon Bar Association in 1903. He struggled due to exclusion, racial discrimination, and the small size of the black community.

Fryer, Heather. "Pioneer All: Civic Symbolism and Social Change in War-Boom Portland." In Journal of the West 39, no. 2 (2000): 62-8.
Civic symbolism in Portland, Oregon, stressed the ideal white pioneer family struggling against Indians and the elements to become the backbone of the ideal American city. This image was particularly hypocritical during World War II, when gypies and African Americans arrived to work in the Kaiser Company shipyard. The workers were housed in Vanport. After its destruction by a flood in 1948, white residents in Portland had never reconciled themselves with outsiders who were not part of the city's self image, but were forced to accept the presence of large minorities in their city thereafter.

McElderrt, Stuart John. "Building a West Coast Ghetto: African-American Housing in Portland, 1910-1960." In Pacific Northwest Quarterly 92, no. 3 (2001): 137-48.
Beginning in the 1910s, real estate agents and homeowners in Portland, believed that nonwhite residents lowered the property values of neighborhoods. Resulting regulations prevented most blacks from moving into Portland's suburbs, instead concentrating them in the Williams Avenue District on the city's east side. Discriminatory policies continued through the 1950's concentrating blacks in Portland's ghettoes.

McLagan, Elizabeth. A Peculiar Paradise: A History of Blacks in Oregon, 1778-1940. Portland, Oregon: Georgian Press, 1980.
A comprehensive overview of African-American History in Oregon. Provides detail on specific indivduals and their contributions to Oregon State history.

Pearson, Rudy. "'A Menace to the Neighborhood': Housing and African Americans in Portland, 1941-45." In Oregon Historical Quarterly 102, no.2 (2001): 158-79.
Describes the discrimination against African Americans attempting to find housing in Portland, Oregon, during World War II. Prior to WWII Portland had fewer than two thousand African Americans, but during the war companies recruited African Americans to work in the shipyards. Yet these workers faced discrimination from the Housing Authority of Portland. Portland leaders preferred keeping blacks as second-class citizens, it was not until after the war that African Americans worked more actively for equal rights.

Portland Bureau of Planning. "History of Portland's African American Community: 1805 to the Present." Portland, Oregon: Portland Bureau of Planning, 1993.
Presents the history of Portland's African American community. Focusing espeically on the Albina district in North Portland.

Richard, K. Keith. "Unwelcome Settlers: Black and Mullatto Oregon Pioneers." In Oregon Historical Quarterly 84, no. 1 & 2 (1983):29-55 & 172-205.
Examines white attitudes and legislation that were adverse towards blacks and mulattoes in Oregon. When Oregon became a state in 1859, the constitution was antislavery, but reflected racist attitudes that most whites in Oregon had.

Smith, Alonzo and Taylor, Quintard. "Racial Discrimination in the Workplace: A Study of the Two West Coast Cities during the 1940's." In Journal of Ethnic Studies 8, no, 1 (1980): 35-54.
Describes the employment discrimination experienced by African Americans in the shipyards of Portland and Los Angeles during World War II. As the number of African American workers rose, the unions created segragated locals, which African Americans had to join or lose their jobs.

Stroud, Ellen. "Troubled Waters in Ecotopia: Environmental Racism in Portland, Oregon." In Radical History Review 74 (1999): 65-95.
Explores the many factors of how the Columbia Slough in North Portland became an industrial dumping ground. War industries and black immigration created a lasting perception that the slough was an area of heavy industry and black neighborhoods, suitable for further degradation.

Toll, William. "Black Families and Migration to a Multiracial Society: Portland, Oregon, 1900-1924." In Journal of American Ethnic History 17, no. 3 (1998): 38-70.
The migration of blacks from the South to the North in the early 20th century sometimes led to racial conflicts. This articles argues that this was not the case in Portland, due to the small size of blacks that moved there and the jobs which they sought did not compete with white workers. The article also traces the gradual establishment of a family-based African American community in Portland.